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1.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 29(4): 1013-1031, oct,-dic. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1421581

ABSTRACT

Abstract Brazil has experienced several major epidemics of influenza, and the most destructive was in 1918-1919. This article focuses on mortality, mitigation policies, and the consequences of pandemic influenza during the national period. We provide the first mortality estimates for the 1890-1894 influenza pandemic and correct figures for later epidemics. The 1918-1919 episode cost more lives than assumed, although some cities suffered less, possibly because of public health actions. Influenza caused pandemics in 1957, 1968, 1976, and 2009, but these did not cause unusual outbreaks in Brazil.


Resumo O Brasil passou por várias epidemias importantes de influenza, a mais letal em 1918-1919. O artigo focaliza a mortalidade, as políticas de mitigação e as consequências das pandemias de influenza no período nacional. Fornecemos as primeiras estimativas de mortalidade para a pandemia de 1890-1894 e corrigimos números de epidemias posteriores. O episódio de 1918-1919 custou mais vidas do que se considerou anteriormente, embora algumas cidades tenham sofrido menos, possivelmente devido a ações de saúde pública. A influenza gerou pandemias em 1957, 1968, 1976 e 2009, mas elas não causaram surtos incomuns no Brasil.


Subject(s)
Public Health , Mortality , Disaster Planning , Influenza, Human/history , Pandemics/history , History, 20th Century , COVID-19
2.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 28(3): 879-883, jul.-set. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339963

ABSTRACT

Resumen El desarrollo de la pandemia de la covid-19 ha motivado un renovado interés por la gripe de 1918-1919 para buscar elementos que facilitaran la comprensión de la experiencia presente, pero también como oportunidad para reevaluar la grave crisis sanitaria del siglo XX a la luz de lo que estamos viviendo. En este contexto y con ese objetivo se inserta esta reflexión histórica sobre estos dos fenómenos pandémicos, que muestra los paralelismos existentes y la necesidad de una toma de conciencia de que nuestro modelo de sociedad está en crisis y se requiere una transformación profunda.


Abstract The rise of the covid-19 pandemic has led to renewed interest in the 1918-1919 influenza in search of aspects that might help us understand the current situation, but also as an opportunity to re-evaluate the serious twentieth-century health crisis in light of what we are experiencing now. In this context and with that goal, this historical reflection shows the parallels that exist and the need for a realization that our model of society is undergoing a crisis and requires profound transformation.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Influenza, Human/history , Pandemics/history , COVID-19/history , Influenza Vaccines/history , Hygiene/history , Denial, Psychological , World War I , Economics , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/transmission , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , COVID-19 Vaccines/history , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19/transmission , COVID-19/epidemiology , Military Personnel/history
3.
RECIIS (Online) ; 14(4): 820-831, out.-dez. 2020. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1145469

ABSTRACT

Por meio da autoetnografia, na qual a experiência do pesquisador se inter-relaciona com o cenário empírico que analisa, o artigo desenvolve como se articulam, em atos comunicacionais, os fluxos encadeados de memória, haja vista um evento traumático contemporâneo. A pandemia da Covid-19 faz emergir lembranças de um passado que sobreviveu pelas narrativas de outro, a gripe espanhola de 1918, nas memórias de infância de quem hoje faz o gesto de contar essa história. Apresentam-se, ainda, aspectos da cobertura jornalística realizada na época pelos principais periódicos do Rio de Janeiro que também produzem narrativas governadas pela lógica dos fluxos encadeados de memória.


Through the autoethnography, in which the researcher's experience is interrelated with the empirical scenario that she or he analyzes, the article reveals how the interconnected streams of memory are articulated in communicational acts, taking into account a contemporary traumatic event. The Covid-19 pandemic gives rise to reminiscences of a past that survived because of the narratives of another event, the 1918 influenza pandemic (Spanish flu), in the childhood memories of the one who nowadays makes the gesture of telling that story. Moreover, the article presents aspects of journalistic coverage then carried out in Rio de Janeiro by the main newspapers and magazines, which also produce narratives guided by the interconnected streams of memory logic.


Por medio de la autoetnografía, en que la experiencia del investigador está interrelacionada con el escenario empírico que analiza, el artículo desarrolla cómo se articulan las corrientes encadenadas de la memoria en actos comunicacionales, teniendo en cuenta un evento traumático contemporáneo. La pandemia de coronavirus desencadena recuerdos de un pasado que sobrevivió debido a las narraciones de otro evento, la gripe española de 1918, en las memorias de la infancia de quien hoy en día hace el gesto de narrar esa historia. Además, el artículo presenta aspectos de la cobertura periodística llevada a cabo en la época por los principales periódicos y revistas de Río de Janeiro que también producen narrativas regidas por la lógica de las corrientes encadenadas de memoria.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Influenza, Human/history , Pandemics , Personal Narrative , Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/history , Periodicals as Topic , Journalism , Health Communication
4.
Salud pública Méx ; 62(5): 593-597, sep.-oct. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1390323

ABSTRACT

Resumen Después de ocho años de una cruenta lucha armada que dejó devastado al país, en octubre de 1918 llegó a México la gripe española, una de las peores pandemias en la historia de la humanidad. En este artículo se narra su llegada a Veracruz en buques procedentes de La Habana y Nueva York, su diseminación del Golfo al resto del país, incluyendo la ciudad de México, y las respuestas que implementaron las autoridades sanitarias federales y estatales. Dos hechos son particularmente destacables de la pandemia de 1918 en México, además del número insólito de decesos: la puesta a prueba de las disposiciones incorporadas a la Constitución de 1917 en materia sanitaria y el extraordinario papel que jugó la sociedad civil.


Abstract After eight years of a civil war which devastated the country, Spanish flu, one of the worst pandemics in the history of humankind, arrived in Mexico in October of 1918. This article discusses its arrival to the port of Veracruz in ships coming from Habana and New York City; its dissemination from the Gulf of Mexico area to the rest of the country, including Mexico City; and the responses of both federal and local health authorities. Two events associated to this pandemic are particularly relevant, in addition to the high number of deaths: the testing of the sanitary dispositions added to the 1917 Mexican Constitution and the extraordinary role played by civil society organizations.


Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Humans , Influenza, Human , Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 , Influenza, Human/history , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiology
5.
Poblac. salud mesoam ; 17(2)jun. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1386878

ABSTRACT

Resumen La gripe española, pese a ser una epidemia olvidada en Argentina, suscitó un fuerte impacto, tanto en la tasa de mortalidad del territorio nacional como en variados aspectos de la vida social, política, cultural y económica del país. En ese sentido, si bien se han realizado estudios desde perspectivas notoriamente enriquecedoras, no se ha planteado un abordaje que recupere las representaciones que realizaron, durante el brote, periódicos y revistas de circulación masiva. A partir de ese vacío historiográfico, el presente estudio pretende realizar un análisis de caricaturas e historietas colocadas en la reconocida revista argentina Caras y Caretas, intentando arrojar luz acerca de las diferentes formas en que la dolencia era presentada a su profuso público. El análisis, según lo venimos anticipando, nos lleva a proponer un abordaje anclado en una metodología de trabajo fundamentalmente cualitativa, definida a partir de la articulación del análisis histórico hermenéutico y del estudio de contenido, recuperando para este último algunas herramientas que nos otorga la sociosemiótica. Se trabajará sobre un conjunto de imágenes seleccionadas a partir de su contenido, en términos de los datos que arrojan sobre las condiciones de producción del discurso.


Abstract The spanish flu, despite being an epidemic forgotten in Argentina, caused a strong impact, both in the mortality rate of the national territory and in various aspects of the social, political, cultural and economic life of the country. In this sense, although there have been studies from notoriously enriching perspectives, an approach has not been proposed that recovers the representations made, during the outbreak, by newspapers and magazines of mass circulation. From this historiographical vacuum, this study aims to perform an analysis of cartoons and comics placed in the renowned argentine publishing house "Caras y Caretas", trying to shed light on the different ways in which the disease was presented by the magazine to its profuse public consumer. The analyse, as we have been anticipating, leads us to propose an approach anchored in a fundamentally qualitative work methodology, defined from the articulation of the hermeneutical historical analysis and the content study, recovering for the latter some tools that the socioemiotic gives us. Work will be done on a set of images selected from their content, in terms of the data they give about the conditions of speech production.


Subject(s)
Humans , Caricature , Influenza, Human/history , Argentina
6.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 27(2): 391-409, abr.-jun. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134063

ABSTRACT

Resumen El artículo explora el pensamiento médico en torno al impacto de la pandemia de influenza de 1918 en México. Se analizan las ideas científicas sobre la etiología de la gripe, las cuales se reflejaron en el tipo de remedios y recetas médicas que se publicaron en la prensa y en boletines de salud. Para adentrarse en este tema profundizamos en el contexto histórico internacional dominado por la guerra. En México, años de conflictos armados a consecuencia de la Revolución agravaron las condiciones de vida de la población: hambre, tifo, viruela y otros padecimientos infecciosos se presentaron antes y durante el brote de la pandemia. El trabajo se apoya en documentación de archivo, boletines de salud, prensa de la época y bibliografía actualizada.


Abstract This article explores medical thought on the impact of the influenza pandemic of 1918 in Mexico. It analyzes scientific ideas on the etiology of the flu, as reflected in the types of remedies and medical prescriptions published in the press and in health bulletins. It then goes deeper into the topic by examining the international historic context, dominated by the war. In Mexico, years of armed conflict unleashed by the Revolution exacerbated living conditions among the population: starvation, typhus, smallpox and other infectious diseases were present before and during the outbreak of the pandemic. This study is based on archival documentation, health bulletins, press sources from the period, and modern bibliography.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , World War I , Influenza, Human/history , Pandemics/history , Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/history , Propaganda , Armed Conflicts/history , Influenza, Human/therapy , Influenza, Human/transmission , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Europe/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiology
7.
Rev. enferm. UERJ ; 27: :e40236, jan.-dez. 2019.
Article in Portuguese | BDENF, LILACS | ID: biblio-1024524

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: apresentar narrativa dos acontecimentos históricos sobre a epidemia de Influenza e suas interfaces com a saúde pública e enfermagem. Conteúdo: destaca-se a cultura, e os modos de ver a história ao longo dos anos para compreensão do comportamento epidemiológico da Influenza no Brasil, suas epidemias e o que se apreendeu e construiu após 100 anos cuidando e estudando sobre este agravo durante as epidemias que ocorreram no Brasil. Conclusão: entender que a imunização é a estratégia mais eficaz no controle de doenças transmissíveis e, no caso da Influenza, como imunobiológico potente, deve ser o legado apreendido das grandes epidemias deste agravo, mas também, a vigilância e educação em saúde das populações para tal, principalmente com foco nos movimentos antivacinas.


Objective: to present a narrative of historical events regarding the influenza epidemic and its interfaces with public health and nursing. Content: the study highlights culture and ways of seeing history over the years, in order to understand the epidemiological behavior of influenza in Brazil, its epidemics, and what has been learned and built after 100 years' caring for and studying this condition during epidemics that occurred in Brazil. Conclusion: immunization is the most effective strategy for controlling communicable diseases and, in the case of Influenza, is a powerful immunobiological resource. This should be the legacy learned from the major epidemics of this disease, as well as health surveillance and education of the public for the same purpose, with a special focus on anti-vaccine movements.


Objetivo: presentar narrativa de los sucesos históricos sobre la epidemia de Influenza y sus interfaces con la salud pública y la enfermería. Contenido: se destacan la cultura y los modos de ver la historia a lo largo de los años, para comprender el comportamiento epidemiológico de la Influenza en Brasil, sus epidemias y lo que se aprendió y construyó después de 100 años cuidando y estudiando sobre este agravio durante las epidemias que ocurrieron en Brasil. Conclusión: entender que la inmunización es la estrategia más eficaz en el control de enfermedades transmisibles y, en el caso de la Influenza, como inmunobiológico potente, ese debe ser el legado comprendido de las grandes epidemias. Asimismo, se debe llevar en cuenta la vigilancia y la educación en salud de las poblaciones, principalmente con foco en los movimientos antivacunas.


Subject(s)
Brazil , Public Health , Immunization , Influenza, Human/history , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Epidemics/history , Nursing , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/etiology , Influenza, Human/immunology , Influenza, Human/blood
9.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 25(3): 679-694, jul.-set. 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-975421

ABSTRACT

Resumo Neste artigo pretende-se compreender a epidemia de gripe pneumónica de 1918-1919 em Coimbra, a partir das informações contidas nas páginas de um periódico local. Por meio da análise rigorosa e sistemática da Gazeta de Coimbra consegue-se inferir a perceção que uma burguesia urbana teve desta catástrofe sanitária, considerada a maior do século XX. Guiados pelo editor do jornal, numa perspetiva não oficial dos fatos, é possível vislumbrar as reações às primeiras notícias da epidemia, nomeadamente os temores da população frente à informação veiculada, mas também a resposta das autoridades e da sociedade civil. Crítico em muitos aspetos, censura abertamente a inércia de várias instituições da cidade, como a Câmara Municipal, a Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade e a Misericórdia.


Abstract This article investigates the 1918-1919 influenza epidemic in Coimbra using information found in the pages of a local newspaper. Rigorous and systematic analysis of the Gazeta de Coimbra reveals the urban bourgeoisie's perception of this health disaster, considered the most severe in the twentieth century. Guided by the newspaper's editor though an unofficial view of the facts, the reader can glimpse reactions to the first news of the epidemic, particularly the population's fears related to this information, but also the response from authorities and civil society. The newspaper is critical in many aspects, openly censuring inaction by several institutions of the city such as the city council, the medical school at the University of Coimbra, and the Misericórdia charitable institution.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Influenza, Human/history , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Epidemics/history , Newspapers as Topic , Portugal/epidemiology
10.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 78(2): 113-118, abr. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-954959

ABSTRACT

La pandemia de gripe "española", de la que se cumplen 100 años, es considerada la más devastadora de la historia. Se estima que afectó a un tercio de la población mundial, y más del 2.5% de los enfermos murieron. Esta pandemia se presentó en dos oleadas principales, en 1918 y 1919, y la morbimortalidad por edades tuvo una curva en W. En general, la muerte no ocurría como consecuencia directa de la gripe, sino por bronconeumonías bacterianas, para las que se carecía de tratamiento. Hubo, además, una mayor mortalidad en enfermos con tuberculosis preexistente con respecto al resto de los afectados de influenza. En Argentina la epidemia también se presentó en dos oleadas principales, con amplias variaciones en la mortalidad por regiones. El tratamiento disponible incluía dieta, antisepsia de garganta, valerianato de quinina, salicilato, codeína para la tos y aceite alcanforado. También se aplicaban primitivas vacunas y sueros anti-neumococos. Con la disponibilidad de la secuencia de ARN completa del genoma del virus de la influenza 1918 ha sido posible ensamblar, mediante genética inversa, partículas virales semejantes a las de la pandemia mortal. El virus reconstituido demostró ser extraordinariamente virulento para ratones. En la actualidad, la vacunación contra la gripe estacional reduce el riesgo de otra pandemia, pero por el momento no puede eliminarlo. El desarrollo de vacunas "universales" contra la gripe, que confieran inmunidad confiable y duradera, podrá evitar en el futuro su propagación mundial.


The "Spanish" flu pandemic, which occurred a century ago, is considered the most devastating in human history. An estimated one third of world population fell ill with flu and more than 2.5% of them died. The course of the epidemic had two main waves (1918 and 1919) and showed an unusual W-shaped morbidity/mortality distribution. Death was not a direct outcome of flu itself but rather a consequence of secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia, for which antibiotics had not yet been discovered. Pre-existing pulmonary tuberculosis was also accountable for increased flu death rates during the pandemic. As it happened in Europe, in Argentina the epidemic had two main waves, with ample variation in mortality by region. Available treatment at the time included diet, throat antiseptic rinses, low doses of quinine valerianate, salicylates, codeine as a cough suppressant, and camphor oil. Primitive anti-pneumococcal vaccines and immune sera were also applied. Upon the disclosure of the whole RNA sequence of the 1918 influenza virus genome, by means of reverse genetics it was possible to assemble viral particles resembling those of the deadly pandemic. The reconstituted virus proved to be extraordinarily virulent for mice. Current seasonal flu vaccines help to reduce, but not to abolish, the risk of another pandemic. The ongoing development of "universal" vaccines against influenza conferring reliable and long-lasting immunity may prevent its global spread in the future.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Influenza, Human/history , Pandemics/history , Argentina/epidemiology , Influenza Vaccines , Disease Outbreaks/history , Influenza, Human/mortality , Influenza, Human/virology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Europe/epidemiology
12.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 21(2): 687-708, apr-jun/2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-714657

ABSTRACT

Em períodos de crise sanitária grave como os de 1854-1856, 1899 e 1918, especialmente no Porto, onde cólera-morbo, peste bubónica, tifo exantemático, gripe pneumónica e varíola mataram percentagens elevadas da população, as imagens das epidemias na imprensa permitem-nos identificar os conhecimentos científicos num país considerado periférico, mas que dispunha de estudos e pessoal especializado no nível dos mais avançados da época. Uma base de dados de 6.700 notícias, artigos e anúncios revela-nos o conhecimento médico e farmacêutico da segunda metade do século XIX e início do XX, o modo como era transmitido e divulgado ao público e as soluções apresentadas pelas autoridades sanitárias. Um fator foi sempre salientado nas notícias e anúncios: a higiene.


In severe health crisis like those of 1854-1856, 1899 and 1918, especially in Porto, where cholera morbus, the bubonic plague, typhus fever, pneumonic influenza and smallpox killed high percentages of the population, the images of the epidemics in the press enable us to identify the scientific knowledge in a country considered peripheral, but which had studies and personnel specialized at the most advanced levels for the time. A database of 6,700 news items and announcements reveals the medical and pharmaceutical knowledge of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the way it was transmitted and disclosed to the public and the solutions offered by the health authorities. Hygiene was consistently highlighted in the news and announcements.


Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Epidemics/history , Newspapers as Topic/history , Cholera/epidemiology , Cholera/history , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/history , Portugal , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/history , Public Health/history , Smallpox/epidemiology , Smallpox/history , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/epidemiology , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/history
13.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-712283

ABSTRACT

Em 1918, o mundo testemunhou uma das maiores tragédias de sua história, quando uma epidemia de gripe arrasou a população. Acredita-se que 15 a 25 milhões de pessoas tenham perdido a vida em consequência de uma grave insuficiência respiratória. O comportamento não usual de levar jovens entre 20 e 40 anos à morte mantém acesas as discussões a respeito de sua natureza. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever na literatura os primórdios da epidemia e suas consequências, além dos estudos que tentaram e tentam desvendá-la. A gripe espanhola tem sido estudada por meio de diferentes pontos de vista. A dimensão social da doença envolve constatações de semelhanças entre outras epidemias do passado, como os sentimentos de desorientação, impotência e terror, e por ter vitimado principalmente a parcela mais carente da população. Porém, em 1918, já se conheciam os micro-organismos patogênicos, impedindo que houvesse o apontamento milenar de culpa de membros segregados pela sociedade. Pesquisas sobre o agente causal, a fisiopatologia e as causas dos óbitos mobilizaram os laboratórios ao redor do mundo. As causas de seu estranho comportamento não estão totalmente esclarecidas. Os mistérios da gripe espanhola ainda intrigam a ciência...


In 1918, the world witnessed one of the greatest tragedies in its history, when an epidemic flu devastated the population. It is believed that 15 to 25 million people died due to a severe respiratory failure. The unusual behavior of killing young people between 20-40 years old keeps discussions about its nature lively. The objective of this study was to review the epidemic beginnings and its consequences, as well as the studies that tried and are trying to unveil it. Spanish Flu has been extensively studied from different points of view. The social dimension of the disease involves findings of similarity with other epidemics of the past, such as disorientation, helplessness and the terror felt by the population, and also the fact that it victimized mainly the poorest. However, in 1918, the pathogenic microorganisms were already known, avoiding members segregated by society to be made responsible for the disease. Researches on the agent, the pathophysiology, and cause of deaths mobilized laboratories around the world. The causes of its strange behavior are not totally clear, and still intrigue science...


Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Influenza, Human/history , Global Health , Disease Outbreaks/history , History, 20th Century
14.
Rev. salud pública ; 14(supl.2): 15-31, jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-659939

ABSTRACT

Objetivo Comparar y analizar las Tasas Brutas de Mortalidad (TBM), la Mortalidad en Menores (MN) de 5 años por mil Nacidos Vivos (NV) y la Mortalidad Infantil (MI) en el departamento de Boyacá-Colombia, a comienzos de los siglos XX y XXI. Métodos Estudio descriptivo comparativo con enfoque histórico epidemiológico. Se utilizaron dos fuentes de datos, para las defunciones: registros parroquiales de 1912-1927 y el Boletín epidemiológico de Boyacá 2007; para la población los censos DANE 1912-1918-1927 y 2005. Se almacenaron y analizaron en Mysql®. Se calcularon tasas brutas, específicas por edad e infantil, proporciones de mortalidad y mortalidad por causas. Resultados Entre 1912-1927 se registra una media de 7 958 muertes, en comparación con 5 813 en el siglo XXI; la TBM pasó de 150 muertes a 42 por 10 mil habitantes; la TMI se redujo considerablemente pasando de 231 a 17 por cada 1 000 NV; aunque se pueden comparar las tasas especificas en menores de 8 años con las de menores de 5, existe variabilidad en el rango y en la construcción de la TM especifica y la definida por OMS- UNICEF. Conclusiones Existe un impacto en la reducción de mortalidad, mayor en el siglo XXI, debido a las políticas nacionales e internacionales de control de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y muerte materna. La pandemia de gripa de 1918-19 afectó considerablemente la mortalidad en todos los grupos de población; las causas violentas ocupan lugares importantes en la mortalidad infantil en el siglo XXI.


Objective Comparing and analysing crude death (CDR), child mortality (CMR) 5-year per thousand live births (LBR) and infant mortality rates (IMR) in the Boyacá department, Colombia, during the early 20th and 21st centuries. Methods A descriptive epidemiological comparative historical approach was adopted. Two data sources were used for deaths: parish registers 1912-1927 and the Boyacá Epidemiological Bulletin 2007 population census for 1912-1918-1927 and 2005 (Colombian Statistics Bureau - DANE); data was stored and analysed in Mysql. Crude rates, age-specific and child mortality ratios and mortality were calculated by cause. Results 7,958 deaths were recorded from 1912-1927 compared to 5,813 in the 21st century. CDR dropped from 150 to 42 deaths per 10,000 inhabitants; the IMR became significantly reduced from 231 to 17 for every 1,000 LB. Although specific rates for children under 8 years of age could be compared to children under 5, there was variability in the range and construction of the specific MR and that defined by WHO-UNICEF. Conclusions There was a higher reduction in mortality in the 21st century due to national and international policies for controlling preventable diseases and maternal death. The 1918-19 flu pandemic significantly affected mortality in all population groups; violent causes were prominent in infant mortality in the 21st century.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Child Mortality/trends , Accidents/mortality , Cause of Death , Child Mortality/history , Colombia , Gastrointestinal Diseases/mortality , Health Policy , Infant Mortality/history , Infant Mortality/trends , Influenza, Human/history , Influenza, Human/mortality , Pandemics/history , Prenatal Care/trends , Respiratory Tract Diseases/mortality , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination/history , Vaccination , Violence
15.
In. Monteiro, Yara Nogueira. História da saúde: olhares e veredas. São Paulo, Instituto de Saúde, 2010. p.205-214, ilus.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-600553

ABSTRACT

Faz uma abordagem sobre a epidemia de gripe espanhola que assolou o mundo em 1918. Pelo menos desde setembro de 1918, informações publicadas pelos jornais da cidade de São Paulo sobre uma nova epidemia, que chamavam de influenza espanhola ou gripe espanhola, eram cada vez mais intensas e assustadoras. Em poucas semanas, especialmente a partir dos primeiros dias de outubro, notícias de diferentes países anunciavam uma verdadeira pandemia. Os Estados Unidos teriam sido o provável local de origem da doença, em campos de treinamento militar, e de lá a gripe espanhola teria se espalhado, atingido até os moradores dos confins da Ásia e da Oceania. A difusão da enfermidade certamente foi facilitada pelo movimento de tropas que iam lutar em solo europeu - apenas no Pacífico, em algumas ilhas totalmente isoladas, os habitantes não ficaram gripados.


Subject(s)
History of Medicine , Influenza, Human/history , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Public Health/history , Disease Outbreaks/history , Brazil
16.
In. Monteiro, Yara Nogueira. História da saúde: olhares e veredas. São Paulo, Instituto de Saúde, 2010. p.13-26.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-600565

ABSTRACT

Tem por objetivo verificar as condicionantes da atuação da imprensa em um momento de crise epidêmica e o teor das notícias veiculadas, tomando-se como exemplo a experiência paulistana com a gripe espanhola. A escolha da epidemia de influenza de 1918 deve-se a vários motivos: primeiramente, porque o próprio autor já se debruçou sobre a epidemia que muitos insitem em afirmar como sendo a crise sanitária mais devastadora da história; e também pelo fato de os estudos sobre a 'espanhola', tanto no plano nacional quanto no internacional, servirem-se, com maior ou menor intensidade, do noticiário dos jornais e revistas para compor suas versões textuais, contudo nem sempre se munindo das devidas cautelas.


Subject(s)
Influenza, Human/history , Mass Media/history , Mass Media , Public Health/history , Disease Outbreaks/history , Brazil
17.
Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2010; 30 (1): 1-10
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-98997

ABSTRACT

The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus [formerly known as swine flu] first appeared in Mexico and the United States in March and April 2009 and has swept the globe with unprecedented speed as a result of airline travel. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization raised its pandemic level to the highest level, Phase 6, indicating widespread community transmission on at least two continents. The 2009 H1N1 virus contains a unique combination of gene segments from human, swine and avian influenza A viruses. Children and young adults appear to be the most affected, perhaps reflecting protection in the elderly owing to exposure to H1N1 strains before 1957. Most clinical disease is relatively mild but complications leading to hospitalization, with the need for intensive care, can occur, especially in very young children, during pregnancy, in morbid obesity, and in those with underlying medical conditions such as chronic lung and cardiac diseases, diabetes, and immunosuppression. Bacterial co-infection has played a significant role in fatal cases. The case of fatality has been estimated at around 0.4%. Mathematical modeling suggests that the effect of novel influenza virus can be reduced by immunization, but the question remains: can we produce enough H1N1 vaccine to beat the pandemic?


Subject(s)
Humans , Disease Outbreaks , World Health Organization , Vaccination , Influenza, Human/history
18.
Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2010; 13 (3): 262-265
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-105370

ABSTRACT

Approximately ninety two years ago, the worst influenza pandemic or "Spanish flu" occurred in 1918, at the end of the First World War [WWI, 1914-1918] which resulted in the deaths of millions of people worldwide. The death toll exceeded the total number of victims of WWI. The 1918 Spanish flu was a deadly, major global event that affected many countries, including Iran. In Iran, it was accompanied by a high mortality rate estimated to be more than one million. However, detailed information on the impact of this outbreak in Iran is scarce. The present paper describes a brief history of the influenza pandemics in the world as well as the spread of the 1918 Spanish flu to Iran


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Influenza, Human/history , Disease Outbreaks/history , History, 20th Century , Survival Analysis , Global Health
19.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 16(4): 1065-1113, out.-dez. 2009. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-537243

ABSTRACT

Neste debate, historiadores latino-americanos comparam a pandemia de gripe de 1918-1919 com a que varre o continente em 2009, sobretudo as experiências de México, Argentina e Brasil. Analisam as estratégias adotadas nos dois momentos, com ênfase em isolamento, vigilância em portos e aeroportos, intervenções nas cidades. Comparam a atuação dos Estados nacionais e governos locais, a posição dos médicos e dos meios de comunicação e o comportamento das populações, especialmente no tocante ao medo e à morte. Analisam o desempenho das estruturas de assistência às populações e as medidas terapêuticas e profiláticas recomendadas por órgãos públicos de saúde, por interesses privados ligados à venda de medicamentos e pelas medicinas populares e caseiras. O debate trata, ainda, da influência que a experiência de 1918 teve sobre as avaliações da crise atual, bem como do legado que deixará para o futuro.


Subject(s)
History of Medicine , Influenza, Human/history , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Public Health/history , Disease Outbreaks/history , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Latin America
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